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1. Alexander The Greats Real Sword
2. Gordian Knot - Wikipedia
3. Who Cut The Gordian Knot

See full list on vampirediaries.fandom.com. The book focuses on Brian, a stable boy who's not what he thinks he is, and Merra, who is half Dryad. It's set about 1,000 years ago, in the land of Aradel. Using magic, Brian and Merra must go 1,000 years into the future, to recover the hidden sword of Aradel, which is the only thing that can save their land from an evil sorceror. This Alexander sword has a length of 29” in total. Out of 29”, about 8” is the handle length which accounts for about 1/4th part of the sword; Rest of 21” is for the length of the blade of the Sword. There is a great design on one side of blade. It has a weight of 1.29 Kg. Based on a serial story by Yumemakura Baku, The Sword of Alexander (a.k.a. Taitei no Ken) is a rollicking period fantasy adventure, complete with ninjas. He mentioned iron swords (as a representation of the god Ares/Mars) in tombs Scythian peoples. He described the Indian steel (steel wootz) and two swords made with that material. Battle of the Hidaspes River. Alexander defeated King Porus. This gave him about 10 kg of 'Indian steel' (wootz steel).

The Gordian Knot is a legend of PhrygianGordium associated with Alexander the Great. It is often used as a metaphor for an intractable problem (untying an impossibly tangled knot) solved easily by finding an approach to the problem that renders the perceived constraints of the problem moot ('cutting the Gordian knot'):

Turn him to any cause of policy,
The Gordian Knot of it he will unloose,
Familiar as his garter

Legend[edit]

The Phrygians were without a king, but an oracle at Telmissus (the ancient capital of Lycia) decreed that the next man to enter the city driving an ox-cart should become their king. A peasant farmer named Gordias drove into town on an ox-cart and was immediately declared king.^[a] Out of gratitude, his son Midas dedicated the ox-cart^[1] to the Phrygian god Sabazios (whom the Greeks identified with Zeus) and tied it to a post with an intricate knot of cornel bark (Cornus mas). The knot was later described by Roman historian Quintus Curtius Rufus as comprising 'several knots all so tightly entangled that it was impossible to see how they were fastened'.^[2]

The ox-cart still stood in the palace of the former kings of Phrygia at Gordium in the fourth century BC when Alexander arrived, at which point Phrygia had been reduced to a satrapy, or province, of the Persian Empire. An oracle had declared that any man who could unravel its elaborate knots was destined to become ruler of all of Asia.^[2] Alexander wanted to untie the knot but struggled to do so without success. He then reasoned that it would make no difference how the knot was loosed, so he drew his sword and sliced it in half with a single stroke.^[2] In an alternative version of the story, Alexander loosed the knot by pulling the linchpin from the yoke.^[2]

Sources from antiquity agree that Alexander was confronted with the challenge of the knot, but his solution is disputed. Both Plutarch and Arrian relate that, according to Aristobulus,^[b] Alexander pulled the knot out of its pole pin, exposing the two ends of the cord and allowing him to untie the knot without having to cut through it.^[3][4] Some classical scholars regard this as more plausible than the popular account.^[5] Literary sources of the story include Alexander's propagandist Arrian (Anabasis Alexandri2.3), Quintus Curtius (3.1.14), Justin's epitome of Pompeius Trogus (11.7.3), and Aelian's De Natura Animalium 13.1.^[6]

Alexander later went on to conquer Asia as far as the Indus and the Oxus, thus fulfilling the prophecy.

Interpretations[edit]

The knot may have been a religious knot-cipher guarded by Gordian/Midas' priests and priestesses. Robert Graves suggested that it may have symbolised the ineffable name of Dionysus that, knotted like a cipher, would have been passed on through generations of priests and revealed only to the kings of Phrygia.^[7]

Unlike popular fable, genuine mythology has few completely arbitrary elements. This myth taken as a whole seems designed to confer legitimacy to dynastic change in this central Anatolian kingdom: thus Alexander's 'brutal cutting of the knot ... ended an ancient dispensation.'^[7]

The ox-cart suggests a longer voyage, rather than a local journey, perhaps linking Gordias/Midas with an attested origin-myth in Macedon, of which Alexander is most likely to have been aware.^[8] Based on this origin myth, the new dynasty was not immemorially ancient, but had widely remembered origins in a local, but non-priestly 'outsider' class, represented by Greek reports equally as an eponymous peasant 'Gordias'^[9] or the locally attested, authentically Phrygian 'Midas'^[10] in his ox-cart. Roller (1984) separates out authentic Phrygian elements in the Greek reports and finds a folk-tale element and a religious one, linking the dynastic founder (whether eponymous 'Gordias' to Greeks, or 'Midas' to Anatolians) with the cults of 'Zeus' and Cybele.^[11]

Other Greek myths legitimize dynasties by right of conquest (compare Cadmus), but in this myth the stressed legitimising oracle suggests that the previous dynasty was a race of priest-kings allied to the unidentified oracular deity.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^The ox-cart is often depicted in works of art as a chariot, which made it a more readily legible emblem of power and military readiness. His position had also been predicted earlier by an eagle landing on his cart, a sign to him from the gods.
2. ^Arrian and Plutarch are secondary sources; Aristobolus' text is lost.

References[edit]

Alexander The Greats Real Sword

1. ^Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri (Αλεξάνδρου Ανάβασις), Book ii.3): 'καὶ τὴν ἅμαξαν τοῦ πατρὸς ἐν τῇ ἄκρᾳ ἀναθεῖναι χαριστήρια τῷ Διὶ τῷ βασιλεῖ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀετοῦ τῇ πομπῇ.' which means 'and he offered his father's cart as a gift to king Zeus as gratitude for sending the eagle'.
2. ^ ^abcdAndrews, Evan (3 February 2016). 'What was the Gordian Knot?'. History. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
3. ^Arrian (1971) [1958]. The Campaigns of Alexander. Translated by de Sélincourt, Aubrey (Revised, Enlarged ed.). Penguin Group. p. 105.
4. ^Plutarch (2004). Clough, Arthur Hugh (ed.). The Life of Alexander the Great. Translated by Dryden, John. Modern Library. pp. 19. ISBN978-0812971330.
5. ^Fredricksmeyer, Ernest A. (July 1961). 'Alexander, Midas, and the Oracle at Gordium'. Classical Philology. 56 (3): 160–168. doi:10.1086/364593. JSTOR265752. citing Tarn, W.W. 1948
6. ^The four sources are given in Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great (1973) 1986: Notes to Chapter 10, p. 518; Fox recounts the anecdote, pp 149–51.
7. ^ ^abGraves, Robert (1960) [1955]. 'Midas'. The Greek Myths(PDF) (Revised ed.). Penguin Books. pp. 168–169. Archived(PDF) from the original on 27 January 2018.
8. ^'Surely Alexander believed that this god, who established for Midas the rule over Phrygia, now guaranteed to him the fulfillment of the promise of rule over Asia', (Fredricksmeyer, 1961, p 165).
9. ^Trogus apud Justin, Plutarch, Alexander 18.1; Curtius 3.1.11 and 14.
10. ^Arrian
11. ^Roller, Lynn E. (October 1984). 'Midas and the Gordian knot'. Classical Antiquity. 3 (2): 256–271. doi:10.2307/25010818. Both Roller and Fredricksmeyer (1961) offer persuasive arguments that the original name associated with the wagon is 'Midas', 'Gordias' being a Greek back-formation from the site name Gordion, according to Roller.

External links[edit]

• Media related to Gordian Knot at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of Gordian knot at Wiktionary

The different types of swords have been of great importance throughout history. In addition to its use as a weapon, the sword has been the object of special considerations forming part of funerary rituals, mythology and other ancient traditions.

Chronology details[changechange source]

The present chronology includes diverse and relatively uneven documents. The need to group them into a single list responds to the desire of simplicity.

Chronology (until the Christian Era)[changechange source]

Bronze Swords[changechange source]

The first bronze swords with a length equal to or greater than 60 cm date from the 17th century BC in regions of the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. They emerged as an evolution of shorter weapons of the type of the daggers. To make a sword useful in combat, one must have a correct alloy, give it the right shape and apply the necessary thermal (and finishing) treatments. The longer is a sword, the stresses (bending and buckling) are more important. What is needed is a weapon that is hard enough (to cut), fairly flexible (without being fragile) and tenacious enough to withstand the blows in the fights.

The manufacturing process is summarized as follows: The bronze swords were cast into moulds, heated to a certain temperature and allowed to cool slowly. Finally they cold hammered (hitting them with a hammer on a type anvil) to increase its hardness.

• c.1275 BC. Assyrian sword, with inscriptions.^[1]
• c.650 BC. According to Pausanias, Theodore of Samos invented the casting of bronze objects.^[2]
• c.450 BC. Herodotus. He mentioned iron swords (as a representation of the god Ares/Mars) in tombs Scythian peoples.
• c.401 BC. He described the Indian steel (steel wootz) and two swords made with that material.^[3]
• 326 BC. Battle of the Hidaspes River. Alexander defeated King Porus. This gave him about 10 kg of 'Indian steel' (wootz steel).^[4]
• c.230 BC.Philo of Byzantium In his treatise Belopoeica (artillery), he describes the flexibility of the swords of the Celts and Iberians in Hispania.^[5] An elastic behavior, such as a spring, would imply tempered steel content in the mentioned swords.
• 216 BC. Battle of CannaePolybius described the swords of the Iberians (cutting and thrusting) and those of the Gauls (cutting).^[6]
• 197 BC. The Greeks were defeated by the Romans, led by Gay Cornelius Cetego near the River Clusius (perhaps the current Brembo River). In spite of the numerical superiority of the Gauls, their swords were bent at the first blow and had to be straightened. The Romans took advantage of this weakness to win the battle.^[7]
• c.20 BC. Diodorus Siculus was a Greek historian of Sicily that lived in Century I a. Century I century, contemporary of Julius Caesar and Augustus. His comments on the celtiber swords indicate the cut quality and an aspect of their manufacture.^[8]
• c.5 BC. Gratio Falisco, in his poem Cynegeticon, mentions the knives of Toledo: '...Ima toledano praecingunt ilia cultro ...' ^[9][10]

Christian Era[changechange source]

• c.50. Pliny the Elder talks about the types of iron, and the importance of water in the temper of steel.^{[11][12][13][14][15]}
• c.90 AD The poet Martial, born in Bilbilis (near Calatayud), prided himself on the steel of his country, better than the Gallic and the Noricum.^[16][17]

Middle Ages[changechange source]

• c.500. Ship wrecked near Nydam (Denmark) with a cargo of swords of the type 'pattern-welded'.
• 796. The emperor Charlemagne rendered the king Offa of Mercia with a sword made by Huns, obtained like war loot.^[18]
• c.850. Abu Yusuf well Ishaq al-Kindi describes the swords of Damascus.^[19]
• c.900. First documentaries of the katana. Master Yasu-tsuna (from Hoki) ^[20]
• 966. Embassy of Borrell II to To the-Hàkam II. giving a present of 100 frank 'swords', very famous and feared.^[21]
• 1233. Jaume I mentions the sword called 'Tiso' (forged in Monzón) in the siege of Burriana.^[22][23]
• 1248. Sword Lobera of the king Ferdinand III of Castile.^[24]
• 1392. Ibn Hud Ibn Hudhayl, in his work ' Gala de caballeros y blasón de paladines ', mentions two types of quality swords: those of Indian steel and those of the francs (Catalan) . The latter with exceptional qualities and supposedly forged by genius.^[25]
• 1425. The sword makers of Valencia asked for confirmation of their ordinations, copied from those of the sword makers of Barcelona.
• 1474. The fencing teacher of Majorca Jaime Pons was author of a fencing treaty published in Perpinyan.^[26][27]

Gordian Knot - Wikipedia

1500-1950[changechange source]

• 1509. Marriage of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII of England. Swords of the armory of Zaragoza presented to the English king ^[28]
• 1517. Superiority of the sword over other weapons in the war of the conquistadores against the Native Americans in Florida.^[29]
• 1522. Sword of Ignacio de Loyola offered to the Virgin of Montserrat.
• 1525. Battle of Pavia. Francis I of France fought his sword to Joan Aldana, native of Tortosa.^[30]
• 1540. 'Pirotechnia', work of Vannoccio Biringuccio, (Siena). Among other topics it deals with some iron mines and the reduction of the metal in a forge with bellows.^[31]
• c.1541. Sword of Francisco Pizarro, made in Valencia by the armorer Mateo Duarte.^[32]
• 1544. Hunting saber of Henry VIII of England, decorated by Diego Çaias.^[33]
• 1761. ' White Weapons Factory of Toledo', created by decree of Carlos III of Spain. It was organized and directed by the Valencian sword's master Lluis Calisto.^[34]
• 1772. Henry Nock was the founder of a gun-making company. He bequeathed to his manager James Wilkinson, maker of the famous swords and sabers.^[35]
• 1782. William Bowles, 'Introduction to Natural History and the Physical Geography of Spain.' With information on the making of swords in Spain.^[36]
• 1793-1795. Great War. They are again opened the weapon workshops in Catalonia.^[37]
• 1798. History of the political economy of Aragon. Ignacio Jordán. talks about the sword makers of Zaragoza .^[38]
• 1804. James Wilkinson.^[39]
• 1844. Henry Wilkinson ^[40]
• 1943. Sword of Stalingrad

References[changechange source]

1. ↑Assyrian sword.
2. ↑Herodotus Halicarnasseus; George Rawlinson, John Gardner Wilkinson (sir); Henry Creswicke Rawlinson (sir) (1862). History of Herodotus. J. Murray. pp. 150–. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
3. ↑Niharranjan Ray; Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (1 January 2000). A sourcebook of Indian civilization. Orient Blackswan. pp. 81–. ISBN978-81-250-1871-1. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
4. ↑James H. Swank (1 January 1965). History of the Manufacture of Iron in All Ages. Ayer Publishing. pp. 8–. ISBN978-0-8337-3463-1. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
5. ↑Terence Wise; Richard Hook (25 March 1982). Armies of the Carthaginian Wars, 265-146 BC. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20–. ISBN978-0-85045-430-7. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
6. ↑Polybius; Robin Waterfield; Brian McGing (5 November 2010). The Histories. Oxford University Press. pp. 219–. ISBN978-0-19-953470-8. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
7. ↑Polybius; James Hampton (1809). The general history of Polybius. pp. 184–. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
8. ↑Diodor de Sicília. Espases dels celtíbers.
9. ↑Patricia Shaw Fairman (2000). Obra reunida de Patricia Shaw. Universidad de Oviedo. pp. 134–. ISBN978-84-8317-204-9. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
10. ↑Le Tour du monde. 1868. pp. 1–. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
11. ↑James Vincent Ricci (1949). The development of gynæcological surgery and instruments. Norman Publishing. pp. 6–. ISBN978-0-930405-28-1. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
12. ↑Arthur Aikin (1841). Illustrations of Arts and Manufactures. John Van Voorst. pp. 248–. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
13. ↑John William Humphrey; John Peter Oleson; Andrew Neil Sherwood (1998). Greek and Roman technology: a sourcebook : annotated translations of Greek and Latin texts and documents. Routledge. pp. 218–. ISBN978-0-415-06137-7. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
14. ↑Plini el Vell. Diferents tipus de ferro.
15. ↑Julius Sillig; Pliny (the Elder.) (1837). Dictionary of the artists of antiquity: architects, carvers, engravers, modellers, painters, sculptors, statuaries, and workers in bronze, gold, ivory, and silver, with three chronological tables. Black and Armstrong. pp. 19–. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
16. ↑Gocha Tsetskhladze (June 2005). Ancient West & East. BRILL. pp. 381–. ISBN978-90-04-13975-6. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
17. ↑Libro tercero de la geografia de Estrabón, que comprende un tratado sobre España antigua. Hibarra hijos & cía. 1787. pp. 212–.
18. ↑England Under Anglo-Saxon Kings. Bell. 1845. pp. 232–.
19. ↑al-Kindí
20. ↑John M. Yumoto (15 December 1989). The samurai sword: a handbook. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 28–. ISBN978-0-8048-0509-4. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
21. ↑Marta Sancho i Planas (1999). Homes, fargues, ferro i foc: arqueología i documentació per a l'estudi de la producció de ferro en època medieval : les fargues dels segles IX-XIII al sud del Pirineu català. Marcombo. pp. 49–. ISBN978-84-267-1221-9. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
22. ↑Ferran Soldevila; Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol; Jordi Bruguera (2007). Les quatre grans croniques: Llibre dels feits del rei En Jaume. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. pp. 258–. ISBN978-84-7283-901-4. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
23. ↑Joaquim Miret i Sans; Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol; Institut d'Estudis Catalans (2004). Itinerari de Jaume I 'el Conqueridor'. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. pp. 104–. ISBN978-84-7283-751-5. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
24. ↑Sociedad Española de Excursiones (1942). Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Excursiones. Sociedad Española de Excursiones.
25. ↑ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Ibn Hudhayl (1977). Gala de caballeros, blasón de paladines. Editora Nacional. ISBN978-84-276-0408-7. Retrieved 23 April 2011.Pàg. 185
26. ↑Fèlix Torres Amat (1836). Memorias para ayudar a formar un diccionario crítico de escritores catalanes. J.Verdaguer. pp. 489–. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
27. ↑Luís PACHECO de NARVAEZ (1635). Engaño y desengaño de los errores que se han querido introducir en la destreza de las armas... Imprenta del Reyno. pp. 5–.
28. ↑Espases de Saragossa obsequiades a Henry VIII d'Anglaterra.(in Spanish)
29. ↑Michael A. Bellesiles (19 November 2003). Arming America: the origins of a national gun culture. Soft Skull Press. pp. 46–. ISBN978-1-932360-07-3. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
30. ↑José Fernando González (1867). Crónica de la provincia de Zaragoza. Editorial MAXTOR. pp. 74–. ISBN978-84-9761-067-4. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
31. ↑Vannoccio Biringuccio (1 January 1990). The pirotechnia of Vannoccio Biringuccio: the classic sixteenth-century treatise on metals and metallurgy. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 61–. ISBN978-0-486-26134-8. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
32. ↑Catálogo histórico-descriptivo de la Real Armería de Madrid. Editorial MAXTOR. 17 July 2008. pp. 216–. ISBN978-84-9761-453-5.
33. ↑Sabre d'Enric VIII d'Anglaterra.
34. ↑José Amador de los Ríos (1845). Toledo pintoresca, o descripción de sus más célebres monumentos. Editorial MAXTOR. pp. 209–. ISBN978-84-9761-307-1. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
35. ↑Mark Barton; John McGrath (3 July 2013). British Naval Swords and Swordmanship: _. Seaforth Publishing. pp. 112–. ISBN978-1-84832-135-9.
36. ↑William Bowles (1782). Introducción a la historia natural y á la geografía física de España. Imprenta real. pp. 295–. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
37. ↑Miquel Coll i Alentorn (1992). Història. L'Abadia de Montserrat. pp. 240–. ISBN978-84-7826-299-1. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
38. ↑Ignacio Jordán de Assó y del Río (1798). Historia de la economía política de Aragón. por Francisco Magallon. pp. 219–. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
39. ↑Michael Springman (31 December 1990). Sharpshooter in the Crimea: The Letters of the Captain Gerald Goodlake VC 1854-56. Pen and Sword. pp. 218–. ISBN978-1-4738-1809-5.
40. ↑Michael Springman (31 December 1990). Sharpshooter in the Crimea: The Letters of the Captain Gerald Goodlake VC 1854-56. Pen and Sword. pp. 218–. ISBN978-1-4738-1809-5.

Who Cut The Gordian Knot

Other websites[changechange source]